MENGELOLA PERUSAHAAN BISNIS

MENGELOLA PERUSAHAAN BISNIS

“Untuk dapat sukses dalam berbisnis, Anda perlu menjadi pebisnis bagi diri Anda sendiri. Sebab Anda harus memahaminya secara menyeluruh dan mendalam....”

Lew Frankfort (CEO Coach)

Organisasi adalah sekelompok orang yang bekerjasama dalam struktur dan kordinasi tertentu dalam mencapai serangkaian tujuan tertentu.

(Griffin, 2002)

Sekumpulan orang atau kelompok yang memiliki tujuan tertentu dan berupaya untuk mewujudkan tujuannya tersebut melalui kerjasama.

(Ernie & Kurniawan, 2005 )
Faktor-faktor dalam Pencapaian Tujuan

=>> Adanya penggunaan sumber daya organisasi, baik sumber daya manusia, maupun faktor-faktor produksi lainnya. Sumber daya tersebut meliputi sumber daya manusia, sumber daya alam, sumber daya keuangan, serta informasi (Griffin,2002)

=>> Adanya proses yang bertahap mulai dari perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan dan pengimplementasian, hingga pengendalian dan pengawasan.

=>> Adanya seni dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan.

Merumuskan Strategi
Penciptaan program yang luas untuk menetapkan dan memenuhi suatu tujuan organisasi
=>> Menetapkan tujuan strategis : pernyataan misi
=>> Menganalisis organisasi dan lingkungannya : ancaman dan peluang
=>> Menyesuaikan organisasi dengan lingkungannya : kekuatan dan kelemahan

Tahapan Strategi
=>> Corporate-Level Strategy
– Mengidentifikasi bisnis yang akan diraih perusahaan
– Mengindikasikan bagaimana bisnis ini berhubungan satu dengan yang lain

=>> Business-Level Strategy (kompetitif)
– Mengidentifikasi cara bisnis bersaing dalam lini produk atau jasa yang dipilih

=>> Functional Strategy
– Mengidentifikasi tindakan dasar yang akan dilakukan tiap departemen dalam mencapai tujuan keseluruhan

Sumber Daya Organisasi Bisnis
=>> Sumber Daya Manusia
=>> Sumber Daya Informasi
=>> Sumber Daya Fisik
=>> Sumber Daya Keuangan
=>> Sumber Daya Alam


Fungsi-fungsi Manajemen
1. Perencanaan: what and how
2. Pengorganisasian: the best way
3. Pengarahan dan pengimplementasian: motivating
4. Pengawasan dan pengendalian: monitoring


Fungsi Perencanaan

Proses yang menyangkut upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi kecenderungan di masa yang akan datang dan penentuan strategi dan taktik yang tepat untuk mewujudkan target dan tujuan perusahaan bisnis.

Kegiatan dalam Fungsi Perencanaan
=>> Menetapkan tujuan dan target bisnis
=>> Merumuskan strategi untuk mencapai tujuan dan target bisnis tersebut
=>> Menentukan sumber-sumber daya yang diperlukan
=>> Menetapkan standar/indikator keberhasilan dalam pencapaian tujuan dan target bisnis


Tingkatan Hierarki Perencanaan:
Fungsi Pengorganisasian

Proses yang menyangkut bagaimana strategi dan taktik yang telah dirumuskan dalam perencanaan didesain dalam sebuah struktur organisasi yang tepat dan tangguh, sistem dan lingkungan organisasi yang kondusif, dan dapat memastikan bahwa semua pihak dalam organisasi dapat bekerja secara efektif dan efisien guna pencapaian tujuan organisasi.

Kegiatan dalam Fungsi Pengorganisasian
=>> Mengalokasikan sumber daya, merumuskan dan menetapkan tugas, dan menetapkan prosedur yang diperlukan
=>> Menetapkan struktur organisasi yang menunjukkan adanya garis kewenangan dan tanggungjawab
=>> Kegiatan perekrutan, penyeleksian, pelatihan dan pengembangan sumber daya manusia/tenaga kerja
=>> Kegiatan penempatan sumber daya manusia pada posisi yang paling tepat

Fungsi Pengarahan dan Implementasi

Proses implementasi program agar dapat dijalankan oleh seluruh pihak dalam organisasi serta proses memotivasi agar semua pihak tersebut dapat menjalankan tanggungjawabnya dengan penuh kesadaran dan produktifitas yang tinggi.

Kegiatan dalam Fungsi Pengarahan dan Implementasi
=>> Mengimplementasikan proses kepemimpinan, pembimbingan, dan pemberian motivasi kepada tenaga kerja agar dapat bekerja secara efektif dan efisien dalam pencapaian tujuan
=>> Memberikan tugas dan penjelasan rutin mengenai pekerjaan
=>> Menjelaskan kebijakan yang ditetapkan

Fungsi Pengawasan dan Pengendalian

Proses yang dilakukan untuk memastikan seluruh rangkaian kegiatan yang telah direncanakan, diorganisasikan dan diimplementasikan dapat berjalan sesuai dengan target yang diharapkan sekalipun berbagai perubahan terjadi dalam lingkungan dunia bisnis yang dihadapi.

Kegiatan dalam Fungsi Pengawasan dan Pengendalian
=>> Mengevaluasi keberhasilan dalam pencapaian tujuan dan target bisnis sesuai dengan indikator yang telah ditetapkan
=>> Mengambil langkah klarifikasi dan koreksi atas penyimpangan yang mungkin ditemukan
=>> Melakukan berbagai alternatif solusi atas berbagai masalah yang terkait dengan pencapaian tujuan dan target bisnis

Kegiatan dalam Fungsi-fungsi Manajemen
Fungsi Operasional dalam Manajemen
=>> Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia
=>> Manajemen Pemasaran
=>> Manajemen Operasi/Produksi
=>> Manajemen Keuangan
=>> Manajemen Informasi

Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia

Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia adalah penerapan manajemen berdasarkan fungsinya untuk memperoleh sumber daya manusia yang terbaik bagi bisnis yang kita jalankan dan bagaimana sumber daya manusia yang terbaik tersebut dapat dipelihara dan tetap bekerja bersama kita dengan kualitas pekerjaan yang senantiasa konstan ataupun bertambah.

Manajemen Pemasaran

Manajemen Pemasaran adalah kegiatan manajemen berdasarkan fungsinya yang pada intinya berusaha untuk mengidentifikasi apa sesungguhnya yang dibutuhkan oleh konsumen, dan bagaimana cara pemenuhannya dapat diwujudkan.

Manajemen Produksi

Manajemen Produksi adalah penerapan manajemen berdasarkan fungsinya untuk menghasilkan produk yang sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan berdasarkan keinginan konsumen, dengan teknik produksi yang seefisien mungkin, dari mulai pilihan lokasi produksi hingga produk akhir yang dihasilkan dalam proses produksi.

Manajemen Keuangan

Manajemen Keuangan adalah kegiatan manajemen berdasarkan fungsinya yang pada intinya berusaha untuk memastikan bahwa kegiatan bisnis yang dilakukan mampu mencapai tujuannya secara ekonomis yaitu diukur berdasarkan profit. Tugas manajemen keuangan diantaranya merencanakan dari mana pembiayaan bisnis diperoleh, dan dengan cara bagaimana modal yang telah diperoleh dialokasikan secara tepat dalam kegiatan bisnis yang dijalankan

Manajemen Informasi

Manajemen Informasi adalah kegiatan manajemen berdasarkan fungsinya yang pada intinya berusaha memastikan bahwa bisnis yang dijalankan tetap mampu untuk terus bertahan dalam jangka panjang. Untuk memastikan itu manajemen informasi bertugas untuk menyediakan seluruh informasi yang terkait dengan kegiatan perusahaan baik informasi internal maupun eksternal, yang dapat mendorong kegiatan bisnis yang dijalankan tetap mampu beradaptasi dengan perubahan yang terjadi di masyarakat

Keterampilan Manajer Dasar
=>> Keterampilan teknis
=>> Keterampilan hubungan dengan manusia
=>> Keterampilan konseptual
=>> Keterampilan mengambil keputusan
=>> Keterampilan manajemen waktu
=>> Keterampilan manajemen global dan teknologi di abad ke-21

Budaya Perusahaan
Budaya perusahaan adalah sumber kekuatan perusahaan. Perusahaan yang memiliki budaya yang kuat akan mampu bertahan melewati sejumlah tantangan yang muncul dalam berbagai masa.

Budaya korporasi adalah pengalaman, kisah, keyakinan, dan norma-norma yang mencirikan suatu organisasi
Tujuan:
=>> Mengarahkan dan membantu setiap orang menuju tujuan yang sama
=>> Membantu pendatang baru dalam mempelajari perilaku yang sudah diterima
=>> Memberi identitas sendiri kepada setiap organisasi

Mengkomunikasikan Budaya dan Mengelola Perubahan
Mengkomunikasikan Budaya:
=>> Memiliki pengertian yang jelas mengenai budaya perusahaannya
=>> Mengeluarkan budaya terhadap yang lainnya
=>> Memberikan reward

Mengelola Perubahan
=>> Analisis lingkungan
=>> Menyusun visi bersama
=>> Menerapkan sistem penilaian dan kompensasi yang baru


Contoh Budaya Perusahaan

Toyota menciptakan budaya perusahaan berbasis pada manusia (dikenal sebagai the Toyota Way). Perusahaan ini percaya bahwa Toyota terdiri dari manusia-manusia, dan mengembangkan kemampuan manusia adalah tanggungjawab inti perusahaan. Di Toyota, yang sangat ditekankan adalah pada mengubah pengetahuan tersembunyi (tacit) personal menjadi pengetahuan perusahaan semuanya dengan menekankan pada hubungan manusia.

Hewlett-Packard (HP), perusahaan komputer dan solusi dan jasa pencitraan yang didirikan pada 1939, terkenal dengan budaya perusahaannya yang kuat dan himpunan nilai dan kepercayaan, yang dirujuk sebagai The HP Way. HP berkonsentrasi pada praktek-praktek bisnis yang mendorong inovasi dan berbagi pengetahuan. Sangat menarik bahwa perusahaan ini mengembangkan suatu budaya "izin untuk bereksperimen dan gagal".

Nokia, pemimpin dalam telepon selular dan jaringan protokol internet, memfokuskan strategi berbasis pengetahuannya pada kepuasan pelanggan, hormat pada pribadi, pencapaian, dan pembelajaran berkesinambungan. Nokia mengadopsi strategi berbasis pengetahuannya lebih pada pendekatan yang diarahkan oleh manusia daripada teknologi canggih. Menurut Nokia, faktor-faktor kritis dalam menerapkan strategi berbasis pengetahuan adalah manusia, budaya, dan teknologi.

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Mahkum Fiih, Hukum Syara', Mahkum Alaih, Ahliyyah

MAHKUM FIIH

A. Mahkum Fiih

Mahkum fiih (objek hukum) adalah perbuatan mukallaf yang terkait dengan hukum syari’ (Allah SWT dan Rasul-Nya) Perbuatan yang ditetapkan hukumnya

(الْمَحْكُوْمُ فِيْهِ)
فِعْلُ الْمُكَلَّفِ الَّذِيْ تَعَلَّقَ بِهِ خِطَابُ الشَّارِعِ

=>> Q.S Al-Maidah: 1
“Hai orang-orang yang beriman, penuhilah akad-akad...”

=>> Q.S Al-Baqarah:282

“Hai orang-orang yang beriman, apabila kamu melakukan utang piutang untuk waktu yang ditentukan, hendaklah kamu menuliskannya...”

=>> Q.S Al-An’am:151
“Dan janganlah kamu membunuh jiwa...”

=>> Q.S Al-Baqarah: 267
“...Dan janganlah kamu memilih yang buruk lalu kamu nafkahkan daripadnya..”

B. Syarat –syarat Mahkum Fiih
a. Perbuatan tersebut harus diketahui mukallaf dengan pengetahuan yang sempurna, sehingga bisa dilaksanakan sesuai dengan tuntutan.
b. Mukallaf harus mengetahui sumber taklif, yaitu Allah.
c. Perbuatan itu bersifat mungkin untuk dilaksanakan. Atau dalam kemampuan mukallaf untuk mengerjakannya.

Perbuatan itu harus diketahui, bahwa pentaklifan itu datngnya dari mukallif (Allah SWT) yang memiliki otoritas penuh untuk memberikan taklif, dan mukallaf wajib mengikutinya.

Ket:

Yang dimaksud dengan pengetahuan mukallaf terhadap sesuatu yang taklifkan, ialah mencakup kemungkinan untuk mengetahuinya.

Akibat dari syarat yang ketiga ini, maka mayoritas ushuliyyin menyatakan:

1. Tidak boleh ada taklif terhadap sesuatu yang mustahil, baik yang dilihat dari zatnya ataupun dilihat dari luar zatnya.

2. Tidak sah hukumnya seseorang melakukan perbuatan yang ditaklifkan untuk dan atas nama orang lain, karena hal ini adalah taklif yang bukan kepada dirinya.

HUKUM SYARA’

Hukum syara’ menurut Ushulyyin ialah Khitab Syari’ yang berkaitan dengan perbuatan para mukallaf, baik dalam bentuk tuntutan, pilihan (taklifi) atau ketetapan (wadh’i).

Hukum taklifi: Tuntutan untuk mengerjakan sesuatu atau meninggalkannya, atau memberikan pilihan antara mengerjakan atau meninggalkannya.

Hukum wadh’i: sesuatu yang menuntu penetapan sesuatu sebagai sebab bagi sesuatu yang lain, atau menjadi syarat baginya, atau menjadi penghalang baginya.

MAHKUM ALAIH
Pengertian Mahkum ‘Alaih
=>> Mahkum ‘Alaih adalah mukallaf yang segala perbuatan dan tindakannya terkait dengan hukum syari’
=>> Yang dimaksud dengan Mukallaf:
الإِنْسَانُ الْبَالِغُ الْعَاقِلُ الَّذِيْ بَلَغَتْهُ الدَّعْوَةُ
Syarat taklif
=>> Mukallaf mampu memahami dalil taklif/tuntutan syara’ yang terdapat dalam Al-Quran dan sunnah
=>> Mukallaf harus mampu dalam bertindak hukum (Ahliyyah).

AHLIYYAH
A. Pengertian Ahliyyah
=>> Secara etimologi ahliyyah berarti“kecakapan menangani suatu urusan”

=>> Secara terminologi, para ahli ushul fiqh mendefenisikan ahliyyah dengan suatu sifat yang dimiliki seseorang, yang dijadikan ukuran oleh syari’ untuk menentukan seseorang telah cakap dikenai tuntutan syara’

B. Pembagian Ahliyyah

1. Ahliyyah Al-Ada’ adalah kecakapan bertindak hukum seseorang yang telah dianggap sempurna untuk bertanggung jawab atas seluruh perbuatannya , baik yang bersifat positif maupun negatif.

2. Ahliyyah Al-wujub adalah kecakapan seseorang menerima hak-hak yang menjadi haknya, tetapi belum cakap untuk dibebani seluruh kewajibannya.

Para ulama ushul membagi lagi Ahliyyah Al-wujub kepada dua bagian:
=>> Ahliyyah Al-wujub An-Naqishah
yaitu ketika seseorang masih berada dalam kandunga ibunya(janin).
=>> Ahliyyah Al-wujub Al-Kamilah

yaitu kecakapan menerima hak bagi seorang anak yang telah lahir, sampai ia dinyatakan baligh dan berakal, sekalipun akalnya masih kurang seperti orang gila.

Halangan Ahliyyah

=>> ‘Awaridh As-samawiyyah, maksudnya halangan yang datang dari Allah SWT. Seperti gila, lupa, dungu dan mardh maut.

=>> ‘Awaridh Al-muktasbah, maksudnya halangan yang disebabkan perbuatan manusia. Seperti mabuk, terpaksa, tersalah, berada dibawah pengampunan

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PRONOUN : English Language

PRONOUN

What is a Pronoun?

A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.

Grammarians classify pronouns into several types, including the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.

Personal Pronouns

A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case.

Subjective Personal Pronouns

A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they."

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a subjective personal pronoun and acts as the subject of the sentence:

I was glad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the green knapsack.

You are surely the strangest child I have ever met.

He stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.

When she was a young woman, she earned her living as a coal miner.

After many years, they returned to their homeland.

We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.

It is on the counter.

Are you the delegates from Malagawatch?

Objective Personal Pronouns

An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them."

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is an objective personal pronoun:

Seamus stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.

The objective personal pronoun "her" is the direct object of the verb "forced" and the objective personal pronoun "him" is the object of the preposition "with."

After reading the pamphlet, Judy threw it into the garbage can.

The pronoun "it" is the direct object of the verb "threw."

The agitated assistant stood up and faced the angry delegates and said, "Our leader will address you in five minutes."

In this sentence, the pronoun "you" is the direct object of the verb "address."

Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest café in the market.

Here the objective personal pronoun "us" is the direct object of the compound verb "will meet."

Give the list to me.

Here the objective personal pronoun "me" is the object of the preposition "to."

I'm not sure that my contact will talk to you.

Similarly in this example, the objective personal pronoun "you" is the object of the preposition "to."

Christopher was surprised to see her at the drag races.

Here the objective personal pronoun "her" is the object of the infinitive phrase "to see."

Possessive Personal Pronouns

A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person. The possessive personal pronouns are "mine," "yours," "hers," "his," "its," "ours," and "theirs." Note that possessive personal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like "my," "her," and "their."

In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a possessive personal pronoun:

The smallest gift is mine.

Here the possessive pronoun "mine" functions as a subject complement.

This is yours.

Here too the possessive pronoun "yours" functions as a subject complement.

His is on the kitchen counter.

In this example, the possessive pronoun "his" acts as the subject of the sentence.

Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.

In this sentence, the possessive pronoun "theirs" is the subject of the sentence.

Ours is the green one on the corner.

Here too the possessive pronoun "ours" function as the subject of the sentence.

Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away in space or time.

The demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those." "This" and "that" are used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrases and "these" and "those" are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases. Note that the demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives, though, obviously, you use them differently. It is also important to note that "that" can also be used as a relative pronoun.

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a demonstrative pronoun:

This must not continue.

Here "this" is used as the subject of the compound verb "must not continue."

This is puny; that is the tree I want.

In this example "this" is used as subject and refers to something close to the speaker. The demonstrative pronoun "that" is also a subject but refers to something farther away from the speaker.

Three customers wanted these.

Here "these" is the direct object of the verb "wanted."

Interrogative Pronouns

An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are "who," "whom," "which," "what" and the compounds formed with the suffix "ever" ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and "whatever"). Note that either "which" or "what" can also be used as an interrogative adjective, and that "who," "whom," or "which" can also be used as a relative pronoun.

You will find "who," "whom," and occasionally "which" used to refer to people, and "which" and "what" used to refer to things and to animals.

"Who" acts as the subject of a verb, while "whom" acts as the object of a verb, preposition, or a verbal.

The highlighted word in each of the following sentences is an interrogative pronoun:

Which wants to see the dentist first?

"Which" is the subject of the sentence.

Who wrote the novel Rockbound?

Similarly "who" is the subject of the sentence.

Whom do you think we should invite?

In this sentence, "whom" is the object of the verb "invite."

To whom do you wish to speak?

Here the interrogative pronoun "whom " is the object of the preposition "to."

Who will meet the delegates at the train station?

In this sentence, the interrogative pronoun "who" is the subject of the compound verb "will meet."

To whom did you give the paper?

In this example the interrogative pronoun "whom" is the object of the preposition "to."

What did she say?

Here the interrogative pronoun "what" is the direct object of the verb "say."

Relative Pronouns

You can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns.

You can use the relative pronouns "who" and "whoever" to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence, and "whom" and "whomever" to refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition.

In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a relative pronoun.

You may invite whomever you like to the party.

The relative pronoun "whomever" is the direct object of the compound verb "may invite."

The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected.

In this sentence, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb "wins" and introduces the subordinate clause "who wins the greatest popular vote." This subordinate clause acts as an adjective modifying "candidate."

In a time of crisis, the manager asks the workers whom she believes to be the most efficient to arrive an hour earlier than usual.

In this sentence "whom" is the direct object of the verb "believes" and introduces the subordinate clause "whom she believes to be the most efficient". This subordinate clause modifies the noun "workers."

Whoever broke the window will have to replace it.

Here "whoever" functions as the subject of the verb "broke."

The crate which was left in the corridor has now been moved into the storage closet.

In this example "which" acts as the subject of the compound verb "was left" and introduces the subordinate clause "which was left in the corridor." The subordinate clause acts as an adjective modifying the noun "crate."

I will read whichever manuscript arrives first.

Here "whichever" modifies the noun "manuscript" and introduces the subordinate clause "whichever manuscript arrives first." The subordinate clause functions as the direct object of the compound verb "will read."

Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some.

The most common indefinite pronouns are "all," "another," "any," "anybody," "anyone," "anything," "each," "everybody," "everyone," "everything," "few," "many," "nobody," "none," "one," "several," "some," "somebody," and "someone." Note that some indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives.

The highlighted words in the following sentences are indefinite pronouns:

Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up.

Here "many" acts as the subject of the compound verb "were invited."

The office had been searched and everything was thrown onto the floor.

In this example, "everything" acts as a subject of the compound verb "was thrown."

We donated everything we found in the attic to the woman's shelter garage sale.

In this sentence, "everything" is the direct object of theverb "donated."

Although they looked everywhere for extra copies of the magazine, they found none.

Here too the indefinite pronoun functions as a direct object: "none" is the direct object of "found."

Make sure you give everyone a copy of the amended bylaws.

In this example, "everyone" is the indirect object of the verb "give" -- the direct object is the noun phrase "a copy of the amended bylaws."

Give a registration package to each.

Here "each" is the object of the preposition "to."

Reflexive Pronouns

You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence.

The reflexive pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves." Note each of these can also act as an intensive pronoun.

Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a reflexive pronoun:

Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times a day.

The Dean often does the photocopying herself so that the secretaries can do more important work.

After the party, I asked myself why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office building.

Richard usually remembered to send a copy of his e-mail to himself.

Although the landlord promised to paint the apartment, we ended up doing it ourselves.

Intensive Pronouns

An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasise its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns.

The highlighted words in the following sentences are intensive pronouns:

I myself believe that aliens should abduct my sister.

The Prime Minister himself said that he would lower taxes.

They themselves promised to come to the party even though they had a final exam at the same time.

Written by Heather MacFadyen

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Alexa Internet

Alexa Internet

Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based subsidiary company of Amazon.com that is known for its toolbar and website. Once installed, the toolbar collects data on browsing behavior which is transmitted to the website where it is stored and analyzed and is the basis for the company'sweb traffic reporting.

Operations and history

Alexa Internet was founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat. The company's name was chosen in homage to the Library of Alexandria, drawing a parallel between the largest repository of knowledge in the ancient world to the potential of the Internet.

The company offered a toolbar that gave Internet users suggestions on where to go next, based on the traffic patterns of its user community. Alexa also offered context for each site visited: to whom it was registered, how many pages it had, how many other sites pointed to it, and how frequently it was updated.

Alexa's operation includes archiving of webpages as they are crawled. This database served as the basis for the creation of the Internet Archive accessible through the Wayback Machine. In 1998 the company donated a copy of the archive, 2 terabytes in size, to the Library of Congress. Alexa continues to supply the Internet Archive with web crawls.

In 1999, Alexa was acquired by Amazon.com for about $250 million in Amazon stock as the company moved away from its original vision of providing an 'intelligent' search engine. Alexa began a partnership with Google in spring 2002, and with the Open Directory Project in January 2003. In May 2006, Amazon replaced Google with Live Search as a provider of search results. In September 2006, they began using their own Search Platform to serve results. In December 2006, they released Alexa Image Search. Built in-house, it is the first major application to be built on their Web Platform.

In December 2005, Alexa opened its extensive search index and web-crawling facilities to third party programs through a comprehensive set of web services and APIs. These could be used, for instance, to construct vertical search engines that could run on Alexa's own servers or elsewhere. In May 2007, Alexa changed their API to require comparisons be limited to 3 sites, reduced size embedded graphs be shown using Flash, and mandatory embedded BritePic ads.

In April 2007, the lawsuit Alexa v. Hornbaker was filled to stop trademark infringement by the statsaholic service. In the lawsuit, Alexa alleged that Hornbaker was stealing traffic graphs for profit, and that the primary purpose of his site was to display graphs that were generated by Alexa's servers. Hornbaker removed the term Alexa from his service name on March 19, 2007. Nevertheless, Alexa expressly grants permission to refer its data in third-party work subject to suitable credits.

On November 27, 2008, Amazon announced that Alexa Web Search was no longer accepting new customers, and the service would be deprecated or discontinued for existing customers on January 26, 2009.

Accuracy of ranking by the Alexa Toolbar

Alexa ranks sites based on tracking information of users of its Alexa Toolbar for Internet Explorer and from integrated sidebars in Firefox and Chrome.

There is some controversy over how representative Alexa's user base is of typical Internet behavior, especially for less trafficked sites. In 2007 Michael Arrington provided a few examples of relative Alexa ranking known to contradict data from comScore, including ranking YouTube ahead of Google.

On April 16, 2008, many users reported dramatic shifts in their Alexa rankings. Alexa confirmed this later in the day with an announcement that they had released the new Alexa ranking system, claiming that they now take into account more data sources "beyond Alexa Toolbar users".

Redesign and new statistics

On March 31, 2009, Alexa.com underwent a complete redesign with new metrics including: Pageviews per User, Bounce Rate, and Time on Site. In the following weeks they added new features including Demographics, Clickstream and Search Traffic stats. These new features were introduced in order to compete with other services such as Compete.com and Quantcast.

source: wikipedia
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Google Chrome Extensions to Build Website

Google Chrome Extensions to Build Website

Google Chrome web browser is the right choice for web designers and web developers. With Google Chrome extensions, you can add more features to the browser to help you in designing, debugging, and working on the website.

Here are some of the Google Chrome Extensions to help you build a website.

1. Pendule.

https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/gbkffbkamcejhkcaocmkdeiiccpmjfdi

Pendule extend the built-in tools developer in Google Chrome. Pendule This gives users a lot of features like one-touch markup validation using W3C web services automatically, hide images on web pages, view the scripts included in a web page, and much more.

2. PlainClothes.

https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/kleiknekfnnaaibjhlamidabhmckbddc

One of the best ways to evaluate the accessibility of a web page is to remove the CSS style and see if the content is presented is still readable without CSS.

Although created primarily for the development of web testing, you can use this extension to see if the web interface you without using CSS.

3. Firebug Lite.

https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/bnbbfjbeaefgipfjpdabmpadaacmafkj

Firebug Lite (for Google Chrome) is an extension for Firebug Lite in the browser settings. Although the built-in with the Developer Tools that exist in google Chrome, this extension still gives you the features that are relatively similar to Firebug even more.

4. Web Developer.

https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/bfbameneiokkgbdmiekhjnmfkcnldhhm

Chris Pederick Web Developer toolbar is the extensions between web designers and front-end developers. Originally made for Firefox, but now has been able to Google Chrome with a slicker interface.

Have many options to examine and understand the layout of web pages, CSS style display information about a particular element, controlling the browser cache, and more.

5. Resolution Test.

https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/idhfcdbheobinplaamokffboaccidbal

Extensions Resolution Test is to test web pages in different screen resolutions, with the option to specify your own custom resolution.

This is very useful in ensuring that your web design look good when viewed from a different monitor sizes.

6. Image Cropper.

https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/akeeaafmkigeapaejnlbknplbbpfbcfp

If you want to take a certain part of a web page, Image Cropper is a simple solution.

Only by doing drag in the region who want the cropped, then you can retrieve these web pages.

Image Cropper showing dimensions and location of crops and help you get just the size you need.

finderonly.com
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